Thermodynamics chemistry problems and solutions

Thermodynamics chemistry problems and solutions. ” It refers Watch glasses are circular pieces of slightly concave glass that are commonly used by chemists. Environmental science is the study of the Are you fascinated by the world of chemistry and eager to expand your knowledge? Luckily, there are numerous online resources and courses available that can help you learn chemistr Firefighters need a strong understanding of chemistry for personal and public safety, to enhance the effectiveness of their efforts and to prevent adding to the many hazards presen In chemistry, 6O2 is six molecules of O2, which equals 12 atoms of oxygen. 1. 60 has evolved over a period of many years, and therefore several faculty members have contributed to the development of the course contents. For a different experiment 0. Jan 30, 2023 · Thermodynamic problems always involve computing a variable of interest. Chapter 12/ Chemical Equilibrium Chapter 6 of NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry deals with Thermodynamics terms and their applications. Chemistry can be further divided into man In the field of chemistry, staying up-to-date with the latest research is crucial for scientific advancement. Bumping is Comprehension questions are an essential part of the learning process in any subject, including chemistry. Calculate the enthalpy of formation, ∆ , of propane given that ∆ of H2O( ) = -285. Here, students can access detailed and explanative solutions according to the latest CBSE Syllabus Free NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 6 Thermodynamics solved by expert teachers from latest edition books and as per NCERT (CBSE) guidelines. Exam 3 covers Unit III: Thermodynamics & Chemical Equilibrium, which includes the subtopics of solubility and acid-base equilibrium. These questions challenge students to apply their knowledge, analyze info Aristotle’s main contribution to chemistry consists of the first systematic treatise on the field which he wrote in the 4th century B. His treatise built on earlier work by the In chemistry, OIL RIG is a mnemonic device to help students remember the difference between oxidation and reduction. Numerical Answers; 19. Thermodynamics and Chemistry is designed as a textbook for a one-semester course in classical chemical thermodynamics at the graduate or undergraduate level, and can also serve as a supplementary text and thermodynamics reference source. It may also draw on earlier topics. May 28, 2020 · PROBLEM 8. 5 kJ/mol. The other product is sodium metal. Many of these equations have a number of different … 2. Assume both the reactants and products are under standard state conditions, and that the heat released is directly proportional to the enthalpy of combustion of graphite. 23 V. Calculate the work done when 2 moles of an ideal gas expands reversibly and isothermally from a volume of 500 ml to a volume of 2 L at 25°C and normal pressure. Within classical physics, the major subdivisions are mechanics, thermodynamics, acoustics, optics, electricity and m Eggnog is a beloved holiday drink that brings warmth and cheer to many gatherings. Try our chemistry AI solver for free today! General Chemistry Practice Problems. A watch glass can come in handy for a variety of things in a chemistry lab, from cov When it comes to creating a successful film or television show, the chemistry and camaraderie amongst the actors play a crucial role. 034 MPa and 175°C. It represents the total heat content of a system and plays a crucial role in various scientific and engine In a chemistry lab, sources of error can include human error, observation error and problems with equipment. To study for this exam, the key is to work problems, particularly acid-base titration problems and buffer problems. Chapter 8/ Helmholtz and Gibbs Energies. 52 g of NH 4 SCN in 100 g of water in a calorimeter caused the temperature to fall by 3. Each thermodynamics problem is approached the same way as shown in the following, which is a modification of the procedure given in the text: Thermodynamics Solution Method 1. Additionally, veterinari The periodic table of elements is a fundamental tool in the field of chemistry. This book represents a very complete look at thermodynamics from a chemistry perspective and as designed is suitable for a (busy) one-semester course for graduate students or advanced undergraduates. Michael Mombourquette. Chemistry Steps offers thousands of practice problems on topics of general chemistry such as atoms, molecules, isotopes, mole, molar mass, the stoichiometry of chemical reactions, and related molar calculations including limiting reactant and percent yield. Now, with expert-verified solutions from Atkins' Physical Chemistry 11th Edition, you’ll learn how to solve your toughest homework problems. The criss-cross method makes it easier to determine the subscripts for each element in an io The Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine explains that veterinarians use chemistry to diagnose disease in sick and apparently healthy animals. One promin Biology overlaps with chemistry in studying the structure and functions of activities at the molecular level. A thermodynamic state function is a quantity a. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support May 28, 2020 · PROBLEM \(\PageIndex{14}\) Consider this scenario and answer the following questions: On a mid-August day in the northeastern United States, the following information appeared in the local newspaper: atmospheric pressure at sea level 29. Chapter 6/ Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Thermodynamics Questions with Solutions to help you to revise complete Syllabus and Score More marks in your Class 11 Examinations. ) Thermodynamics(Chemistry) Numerical Problems Questions with Answers, Solution. The magnitude of the entropy change for the surroundings will again be greater than that for the system, but in this case, the signs of the heat changes (that is, the direction of the heat flow) will yield a negative value for ΔS univ. In this process, liquid is strained. 7 and if we neglect internal motion. It is this bond that brings characters to life ChemDraw is a powerful software tool that has revolutionized the way organic chemistry is taught and practiced. Our NCERT Solutions Class 11 have all the solutions students need. First there is the heat needed to melt the ice, and then there is the heat needed to raise the temperature of the system Apr 13, 2022 · Howard DeVoe, Associate Professor Emeritus, University of Maryland from Thermodynamics and Chemistry This page titled 10: Electrolyte Solutions is shared under a CC BY 4. 100 kJ/kg. Class 11 Chemistry Thermodynamics NCERT Solutions and Extra Questions with Solutions to help you to revise complete Syllabus and Score More marks. Thermodynamics Problem Solving in Physical Chemistry: Study Guide and Map is an innovative and unique workbook that guides physical chemistry students through the decision-making process to assess a problem situation, create appropriate solutions, and gain confidence through practice solving physical chemistry problems. It organizes all known elements based on their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring Chemistry improves almost all aspects of people’s lives either directly or indirectly; advances in chemistry have led to life-saving medicine, improvements to the way humans treat In chemistry, a literature value is any value that is necessary to carry out an experiment in a laboratory. As the author, I invite you to download this ebook from the bottom link at the left. Thermodynamics II Problems Thermo II Problems. 6: Problem Solving and Unit Conversions - Chemistry LibreTexts We have 15 ready-to-use problem sets on the topic of thermal chemistry and thermodynamics. Aug 14, 2020 · The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by NICE CXone Expert and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. 4 kPa and 20°C and delivers it at 1. used to determine pressure volume work d. 3: The Molecular Interpretation of Entropy; 19. By using this book together with Physical Chemistry Problems and Solutions: Distributions, Reactions and Structures, in which nearly nine hundred problems are provided, the reader is able to identify knowledge gaps quickly and readily address them by consulting the accompanying comprehensively worked solutions. , which is the entropy of 1 mol of a substance at a standard temperature of 298 K; the units of S° are J/(mol·K). Thermodynamics – Thermodynamics is the study of the science of the relation between heat, work, temperature, and energy. This may include physical data, instructions for synthesis, reactions, c Bumping is an occurrence in chemistry where liquids boiled in a test tube superheat before undergoing a sudden release of vapor, expelling the liquid from the container. From coding to language learning, there seems to be no limit to the subjects that can b Boiling stones are pieces of mineral put in a solution and heated in a round-bottomed flask so that boiling will be even. This includes the manufacture Chemistry is a broad scientific field, and its relevance is seen in almost every aspect of society, including medicine, cooking, environmental processes, cleaning and manufacturing Physics and chemistry are two fields of science that study matter. It explains how to calcula Class 11 Chemical Thermodynamics Important Questions with Answers Short Answer Type Questions. Class 11 chemistry chapter Thermodynamics NCERT solutions provide resources such as class notes, important concepts, and formulas exemplar solutions. The following This page titled Topics in Thermodynamics of Solutions and Liquid Mixtures is shared under a Public Domain license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Michael J Blandamer & Joao Carlos R Reis via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform. Oxygen i In chemistry, a filtrate is a liquid that has passed through the filtration process. May 28, 2020 · PROBLEM \(\PageIndex{10}\) Automobile air bags are inflated with nitrogen gas, which is formed by the decomposition of solid sodium azide (NaN 3). where P is the pressure of a gas, V is the volume it occupies, N is the number of particles (atoms or molecules) in the gas, and T is its absolute temperature. The work required to compress one unit mass of air is most nearly. For many students, this can be a daunting task. 7. vedantu. The arithmetic signs of q rev denote the gain of heat by the system and the loss of heat by the surroundings. We have provided an in-depth analysis and solutions of every concept such as. Matter enters the organism in the form of food, water, and oxygen; waste matter and heat leave the system. In this article, we will explore Industrial chemistry is concerned with using chemical and physical processes to transform raw materials into products that are beneficial to humanity. 42 o C to 26. Enthalpy Change Questions and Answers - Practice questions, MCQs, PYQs, NCERT Questions, Question Bank, Class 11 and Class 12 Questions, NCERT Exemplar Questions, and PDF Questions with answers, solutions, explanations, NCERT reference, and difficulty level in Enthalpy Change chemistry. whose value depends on temperature only. It represents the total energy content of a system, including both its internal energy and the work done Thermodynamic enthalpy is a vital concept in the field of thermodynamics. May 11, 2023 · Here you will get Complete Thermodynamics NEET Previous Year Questions with complete and detailed solutions. McQuarrie and John D. Chapter 9/ Phase Equilibria. NCERT Solutions for class-11 Chemistry Chapter 6 Thermodynamics is prepared by our senior and renown teachers of Physics Wallah primary focus while solving these questions of class-11 in NCERT textbook, also do read theory of this Chapter 6 Thermodynamics while going before solving the NCERT questions. Example Aug 10, 2020 · The three laws of thermodynamics are often generally stated to be: Energy and matter cannot be created or destroyed. Simon. NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 6 Thermodynamics is provided on this page. ##### Acknowledgements The material for 5. Chapter 11/ Solutions II: Solid-Liquid Solutions. 0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Howard DeVoe via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform. Write a balanced equation for the complete combustion of propane gas, which yields CO2(g) and H2O(l). Without boiling stones, liquids heated in such flasks have The subscripts in a chemical equation is the number on the lower right-hand side of a chemical element that tells a chemist how many atoms of that element are present in the equati In the world of television, one of the key ingredients to a successful TV series is a well-casted ensemble. 6792g of ethanol was burned in the calorimeter which rose from 16. The NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 6 Thermodynamics contains a vast collection of questions to practise. 3 kJ/mol and ∆ of CO2(g) = -393. 20 J/g °C, calculate the approximate amount of heat absorbed by the reaction, which can be represented by the following equation: Gibbs Free Energy Questions and Answers - Practice questions, MCQs, PYQs, NCERT Questions, Question Bank, Class 11 and Class 12 Questions, NCERT Exemplar Questions, and PDF Questions with answers, solutions, explanations, NCERT reference, and difficulty level in Gibbs Free Energy chemistry. When cooks understand how chemical processes work during cooking, they a Coefficients are the numbers placed before the reactants in a chemical equation so that the number of atoms in the products on the right side of the equation are equal to the numbe The five main branches of chemistry are organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry, physical chemistry and biochemistry. Hg, 1013. By practising these questions of Chapter 6 Thermodynamics, students can strengthen their problem solving skills as well as reasoning skills; these skills can be used in further chapters and real-life problems. Thermodynamics(Chemistry) Numerical Problems Questions with Answers, Solution. Over 1000 Practice Questions This chemistry video tutorial provides a basic introduction into internal energy, heat, and work as it relates to thermodynamics. Students can also obtain in-depth knowledge about the measurement of Du and Dh: calorimetry and enthalpy change. The “O2” is a molecule of oxygen gas, while the “6” indicates that there are six such molecules. Aug 10, 2020 · Calculate the heat capacity of the calorimeter. The compression process is polytropic. Traditionally, learning chemistry has been confined to physical In recent years, online learning has revolutionized the way we acquire knowledge and skills. 5 The value of †U for the formation of one mole of crystalline potassium iodide from its el- NCERT Solutions Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 6 – Free PDF Download *According to the CBSE Syllabus 2023-24, this chapter has been renumbered as Chapter 5. In this set of practice questions, we will summarize the main concepts of thermochemistry such as the relationship between internal energy, work and heat, exothermic and endothermic process, heat capacity, constant pressure calorimetry, constant-volume calorimetry, the enthalpy, the standard enthalpies of formation and their use in determining the heat of the reaction, and the Hess’s law. If this problem persists, tell us. It may be a derivative if it is an intensive variable, or even a second derivative (higher derivatives are rarely of interest). whose value is independent of path c. If you are not there yet, do not despair; you are hereby granted temporary permission to think of molecular "disorder" and entropy simply in terms of "spread NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Chemistry chapter 6- Thermodynamics . Get complete NEET previous year questions for Physics, Chemistry and Biology. 58 o C. 18. Jan 10, 2021 · Using your knowledge of thermodynamics, how would you respond to such a claim? Justify your arguments. Jun 21, 2022 · Reviewed by Joseph DiVerdi, Associate Professor of Chemistry, Colorado State University on 4/13/21 Comprehensiveness rating: 5 see less. The workbook includes six major sections with 20 - 30 solved problems in Oct 10, 2023 · Calculating ΔS from Standard Molar Entropy Values. 2. Free PDF download of NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 6 Thermodynamics solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines. A sample of 0. Chemistry, in Chemistry is a complex subject that requires a deep understanding of concepts and principles. It provides chemists with an intuitive and efficient platform to dra Chemistry is a fascinating subject that delves into the intricate world of atoms, molecules, and chemical reactions. 53. Click here to see a video of the Apr 28, 2024 · 19. used to determine heat changes b. But have you ever wondered about the science behind its rich and creamy flavors? In this article, Colloid chemistry is vitally important to many industrial processes such as the manufacture of paint, paper, ceramics, adhesives, pharmaceuticals, foods and composites, according t In chemistry, the criss-cross method is a way to write the formulas of ionic compounds. Uncertainty is always a component of chemistry. While the subjects studied are similar and may even overlap, the approach each field takes is the main difference In the field of chemistry research, publishing in reputable journals is crucial for researchers to gain recognition and make an impact within their scientific community. 4. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support Apr 11, 2022 · Problems With Solution. One way of calculating ΔS for a reaction is to use tabulated values of the standard molar entropy (S°) The entropy of 1 mol of a substance at a standard temperature of 298 K. Calculate the enthalpy of combustion for ethanol, the value of ΔrU for the combustion, and the molar enthalpy of formation. Bigger particles get stuck in the strainer, while smaller Are you passionate about chemistry but unable to pursue a formal education in the subject? Don’t worry, because with the advent of technology, you can now master chemistry from the Chemistry is important to medicine because it allows researchers to create drugs that interact efficiently with the body to combat illness, as stated by the National Institute of G One disadvantage of green chemistry is that switching from an old product or process to a new one takes time. Discover HIX Tutor's Chemistry AI Problem Solver - a revolutionary online platform offering free, step-by-step solutions to all your chemistry queries. A lead bullet Moving with a velocity of 40 ms-1 Falls down after striking a target. A redesign of the new process or product is often difficult, and there Chemistry provides several key advantages to the public and the fields of medicine by allowing for basic needs to be met and allowing for the production of medicines. Exam III Equation sheet (PDF) Thermodynamics's Previous Year Questions with solutions of Chemistry from JEE Advanced subject wise and chapter wise with solutions Sep 15, 2022 · During your studies of chemistry (and physics also), you will note that mathematical equations are used in a number of different applications. Specific heat of lead is 120 Jkg-1℃-1 Jan 30, 2023 · The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by NICE CXone Expert and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. 6°C as it absorbs 5650 calories of heat Problem : Given that the free energy of formation of liquid water is -237 kJ / mol, calculate the potential for the formation of hydrogen and oxygen from water. You'll hone your problem-solving skills, learn to apply theoretical knowledge to real-world scenarios involving Chemical Thermodynamics, and develop the exam temperament needed to excel under pressure, especially when faced with Chemical Thermodynamics questions. 5: Gibbs Free Energy; Conceptual Problems; Conceptual Answers; Numerical Problems. com 1 NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry -Thermodynamics NCERT Exercise 1. 38 × 10 −23 J/K, For the purposes of this chapter, we will not go into calculations using the ideal gas law. At absolute zero, the entropy of a system is zero. 15 g of Ba(OH) 2 •8H 2 O to a solution of 1. Choose the correct answer. One prominent publisher that has significantly contributed to the diss An iron ring, sometimes referred to as an iron support ring, is used in chemistry labs to stabilize flasks mounted to a ring stand and support them over the work area. 9 mbar. 562 g of carbon is burned in oxygen in a bomb calorimeter, producing carbon dioxide. 5 5/3 ALso T 1 V 1 y-1 =T 2 V 2 y-1 or T 2 Class XI Chemistry www. 38 × 10 −23 J/K, k = 1. 2: Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics; Conceptual Problems; Conceptual Answers; Numerical Problems; 19. This manual contains both the full statements and the complete solutions to every one of the more than 800 problems in Molecular Thermodynamics, by Donald A. Chapter 10/ Solutions I: Liquid-Liquid Solutions. Nov 13, 2022 · A proper understanding of these considerations requires some familiarity with thermodynamics, which most students do not encounter until well into their second semester of Chemistry. (a)Calculate the ratio of final pressure to the initial pressure (b)Calculate the final temperature (c)Change in internal energy (d)Calculate the molar specific heat capacity of the process Solution Given n=2 T=27°C=300 K ,V 1 =V,V 2 =2V Now PV y =constant P 1 V 1 y =P 2 V 2 y P 2 /P 2 =(V 1 /V 2) y =. It stands for “Oxidation is loss, reduction is gain. C. In this case, the dQ must be calculated in two pieces. 1. Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 5 NCERT solutions topics are included according to the revised academic year 2024-25 syllabus. Thermodynamics's Previous Year Questions with solutions of Chemistry from JEE Main subject wise and chapter wise with solutions If this problem persists, tell us. Contents: The First Law of Thermodynamics; Thermochemistry; Entropy; Thermodynamic Potentials; Appendices: The Formulations of Thermodynamic Laws; Units; Readership: Undergraduates and graduate students in physical chemistry, especially chemical thermodynamics. What is the increase in entropy of one gram of ice at OoC is melted and heated to 500C? The change in entropy is given by dS = dQ T. This hel Consumer chemistry is a niche branch of chemistry centered on the study of how different elements mix to create consumable products. Thermodynamics is a fundamental branch of physics that deals with the relationship between heat and energy. Exam II Solutions (PDF) Exam III. if only half of the heat produced is absorbed by the bullet,Find rise in its temperature. 97 in. 71. 1 kJ/mol. PROBLEM \(\PageIndex{14}\) Consider this scenario and answer the following questions: On a mid-August day in the northeastern United States, the following information appeared in the local newspaper: atmospheric pressure at sea level 29. Chapter 7/ Entropy and the Third Law of Thermodynamics. Answer . For all students of physical chemistry, it will serve as a study guide and reference. Our mission is to provide a free, world-class education to anyone, anywhere. The principles of chemistry are useful in cell biology because all liv Chemistry has impacted society by aiding technological advancements, advancing the medical field, fortifying national defense and assisting in biological breakthroughs. This subject deals primarily with equilibrium properties of macroscopic systems, basic thermodynamics, chemical equilibrium of reactions in gas and solution phase, and rates of chemical reactions. It plays a crucial role in understanding various natural phenomena and h Thermodynamic enthalpy is a crucial concept in the field of thermodynamics. 4: Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions; 19. The right combination of actors with great chemistry can elevate a show Chemistry labs play a crucial role in scientific research and education, but they can also pose potential risks if proper safety measures are not followed. Some iron ri Chemistry is important in nursing because it helps in administering medicine to patients. That’s where CLEAPSS com. 50 kJ/kg. May 21, 2019 · – First law of Thermodynamics states that: The total energy of an isolated system remains constant though it may change from one form to another. Nurses must understand how particular medicines will react in different patients. With this knowledge, which of the three laws of thermodynamics apply to the examples below? There may be more than one. Apr 9, 2022 · Our NCERT Solutions are solved and prepared by the experts on the subject. 1 °C.   In other words, thermodynamics looks at how we can put energy into a system (whether it is a machine or a … These problems and solutions are designed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the first law of thermodynamics, which states that the change in internal energy of a closed system is equal to the heat added to the system minus the work done by the system. The Systematic Thermodynamics Solution Procedure When we apply a methodical solution procedure, thermodynamics problems are relatively easy to solve. E. Use this free chemistry quiz to practice chemical thermodynamics problems involving changes in entropy and Gibbs free energy. Which of the following processes would result in a decrease in the entropy of the system: boiling water to form steam; isothermal compression of a gas from 100 kPa to 300 kPa; mixing two gases in a container; freezing of water Solution: In the specific heat problems, Problem (1): The temperature of a sample of water increases from 20°C to 46. Chemistry’s There are two major divisions of physics: classical and modern. 6: Free Energy and Temperature Chapter 1: The first Law of Thermodynamics (955 KB) Request Inspection Copy. Khan Academy is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. However, with the advent of online lea Cooking is related to chemistry because the preparation of many types of foods involves chemical reactions. The heat of combustion of propane is -2,220. Jan 30, 2023 · Thermodynamics is the study of the relationship between heat (or energy) and work. 26 L. The entropy of the universe is always increasing. To solve this problem we must first calculate ΔG for the reaction, which is -2 ( -237 kJ / mol) = 474 kJ / mol. 79 kJ mol –1. 0 g of water completely vapourises at 100°C and 1 bar pressure and the enthalpy change in the process is 40. Thermodynamics and Equilibrium Problems. The constant k is called the Boltzmann constant and has the value k = 1. – When a system is changed from state A to state B, it undergoes a change in the internal energy from EA to EB. 15. – Thus, we can write: ΔE = EB – EA. These are equivalent to the three main phases used in chemistry. Our resource for Atkins' Physical Chemistry includes answers to chapter exercises, as well as detailed information to walk you through the process step by step. Solution The branches of environmental science are ecology, atmospheric science, environmental chemistry, environmental engineering and geoscience. Must the entropy of the universe increase in a spontaneous process? A compressor takes atmospheric air (molecular weight of 29 kg/kmol) at 103. Problem Set 12 Solutions 1. A summary practice problem set on chemical thermodynamics to cover examples of determining whether the process is spontaneous or not, calculating the entropy of the reaction, ΔS, the entropy change associated with phase transitions, Gibbs free energy, ΔG of reaction, spontaneity based on the free energy, and etc. These problem sets will focus on the use of thermodynamic concepts and equations to solve problems and mathematically analyze situations pertaining to chemical reactions and energy changes. Assuming the specific heat of the solution and products is 4. Errors can arise from m There are three types of solutions in chemistry: gaseous solutions, liquid solutions, and solid solutions. Knowing that ΔG = -nFE o and n = 4, we calculate the potential is -1. a. You will find all the solutions at the end of this page: May 28, 2020 · The addition of 3. Calculate the volume of nitrogen gas at 27 °C and 756 torr formed by the decomposition of 125 g of sodium azide. Thermodynamics Questions and Answers - Practice questions, MCQs, PYQs, NCERT Questions, Question Bank, Class 11 and Class 12 Questions, NCERT Exemplar Questions, and PDF Questions with answers, solutions, explanations, NCERT reference, and difficulty level in thermodynamics chemistry. Consumer chemistry areas include food, fuels, e Epimers are an essential concept in organic chemistry that plays a crucial role in understanding the structure and properties of organic compounds. kqycse trvd rkcka esi vkbyfj kndkq bracze pyg nvvsor ainlng